Internal Medicine Residency

References

Uptodate
Allen KJ, Leslie SW. Autonomic Dysreflexia. [Updated 2022 May 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482434/

Bycroft J, Shergill IS, Choong EAL, et al Autonomic dysreflexia: a medical emergency Postgraduate Medical Journal 2005;81:232-235.

References

Hayreh SS, Zimmerman MB, Kimura A, Sanon A. Central retinal artery occlusion. Retinal survival time. Exp Eye Res. 2004 Mar;78(3):723-36. doi: 10.1016/s0014-4835(03)00214-8. PMID: 15106952.

Schumacher M, Schmidt D, Jurklies B, Gall C, Wanke I, Schmoor C, et al EAGLE-Study Group. Central retinal artery occlusion: local intra-arterial fibrinolysis versus conservative treatment, a multicenter randomized trial. Ophthalmology. 2010 Jul;117(7):1367-75.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.03.061. PMID: 20609991.

Sharma RA, Newman NJ, Biousse V. Conservative treatments for acute nonarteritic central retinal artery occlusion: Do they work? Taiwan J Ophthalmol. 2020 Nov 6;11(1):16-24. doi: 10.4103/tjo.tjo_61_20. PMID: 33767952; PMCID: PMC7971444.

UptoDate Central and branch retinal artery occlusion

References

UpToDate
MKSAP
Wright, J., Huang, C., Strbian, D., & Sundararajan, S. (2014). Diagnosis and management of acute cerebellar infarction. Stroke, 45(4), e56-e58., Stroke journal
NIH library: https ://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/

References

• May A. Cluster headache: Treatment and prognosis. Uptodate. Feb 11, 2022.
•  Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004;24(suppl 1):1–154.
• Sing J and Ashhar A. The headache that broke my heart: cluster and bradycardia. Neurology. Apr 2020 (15 Supplement) 2141
• Bruyn GW, Bootsma BK, and Klawans HL. Cluster headache and bradycardia. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. Mar 1976; 16(1):11-15
• Kruszewski P, Bordini C, Brubakk A, and Sjaastad O. Cluster headache: alteration in heart rate, blood pressure and orthostatic responses during spontaneous attacks. Cephalgia. Jun 1992; 12(3): 172-7.
• May A, Cohen A, and Goadsby P. Pathophysiology of the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. Uptodate. Jul 06, 2021.
• Matharu M and Cohen A. Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks: Treatment and prognosis. Uptodate. Dec 15, 2022. 
• https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-headache-in-adults#H880515100
• American Heart Association ACLS Guidelines on Bradycardia 
  https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000628#d1e2365
  https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000905

References

• Uptodate 
• MKSAP
• Drake ME, Shin C. Conversion of Ischemic to Hemorrhagic Infarction by Anticoagulant Administration: Report of Two Cases With Evidence From Serial Computed Tomographic Brain Scans. Arch Neurol. 1983;40(1):44–46. doi:10.1001/archneur.1983.04050010064018
• Marsh, Elisabeth B. MD; Llinas, Rafael H. MD; Predicting Hemorrhagic Transformation of Acute Ischemic Stroke: Prospective Validation of the HeRS Score. Medicine: January 2016 - Volume 95 - Issue 2 - p e2430 doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000002430
• Zhang J, Yang Y, Sun H, Xing Y. Hemorrhagic transformation after cerebral infarction: current concepts and challenges. Ann Transl Med. 2014;2(8):81. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.08.08

References

• CDC Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Vaccines
• Callaghan, Brian C et al. “The evaluation of distal symmetric polyneuropathy: a physician survey of clinical practice.” Archives of neurology vol. 69,3 (2012): 339-45. doi:10.1001/archneurol.2011.1735
• UptoDate Guillain barre syndrome in adults treatment and prognosis
• Guillain–Barré Syndrome YouTube Lit Reviews Learning in 10 
• MKSAP - https://mksap19.acponline.org/app/board basics/nr/mk19_bb_nr_s15
• GBS vs MG vs Botulism Wellington ICU
• Guillain-Barré Syndrome – Third time’s the charm EmDocs

References

1. Baxter R, Bakshi N, Fireman B, et al. Lack of association of Guillain-Barré syndrome with vaccinations. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 57:197.
2. Chandrashekhar, Swathy, and Mazen M Dimachkie. “Guillain-Barré Syndrome in Adults: Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, and Diagnosis .” UpToDate, Sept. 2022. 
3. Leonhard, S.E., Mandarakas, M.R., Gondim, F.A.A. et al. Diagnosis and management of Guillain–Barré syndrome in ten steps. Nat Rev Neurol 15, 671–683 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-019-0250-9
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5. Sedaghat Z, Karimi N. Guillain Barre syndrome associated with COVID-19 infection: A case report. J Clin Neurosci. 2020 Jun;76:233-235. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.04.062. Epub 2020 Apr 15. PMID: 32312628; PMCID: PMC7158817.
6. “Update from the International Guillain–Barré Syndrome Outcome Study (IGOS).” GBS/CIDP Foundation International, 4 May 2022

References

• UptoDate Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
• MKSAP19
• Amboss
• Lee SC, Lueck CJ. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure in adults. J Neuroophthalmol. 2014;34(3):278-283.
• Pseudotumor Cerebri (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension) EyeWiki American Academy of Ophthalmology
• Pseudopapilledema EyeWiki American Academy of Ophthalmology
• Mollan SP, Davies B, Silver NC, et al Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: consensus guidelines on management Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2018;89:1088-1100
• Corbett JJ, Savino PJ, Thompson HS, et al. Visual loss in pseudotumor cerebri. Follow-up of 57 patients from five to 41 years and a profile of 14 patients with permanent severe visual loss. Arch Neurol. 1982;39(8):461-474. doi:10.1001/archneur.1982.00510200003001
• Table 1: Modified Dandy criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. All criteria must be met.
• Visual Field Outcomes for the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial (IIHTT) Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science March 2016, Vol.57, 805-812. doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.15-18626
• Riggeal BD, Bruce BB, Saindane AM, et al. Clinical course of idiopathic intracranial hypertension with transverse sinus stenosis. Neurology. 2013;80(3):289-295. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827debd6
• Schwartz KM, Luetmer PH, Hunt CH, et al. Position-related variability of CSF opening pressure measurements. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013;34(4):904-907. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A3313
• Sim PY, Taribagil P, Woollacott IOC, Rashid S, Kidd DP. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension presenting as iron deficiency anemia: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2021;15(1):45. Published 2021 Feb 2. doi:10.1186/s13256-020-02631-2
• Mollan SP, Tahrani AA, Sinclair AJ. The Potentially Modifiable Risk Factor in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: Body Weight. Neurol Clin Pract. 2021;11(4):e504-e507. doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000001063

References

Acute Severe Hypertension. Peixoto AJ, N Engl J Med. 2019;381(19):1843.

Elliott WJ. Clinical features in the management of selected hypertensive emergencies. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2006;48(5):316-325. doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2006.02.004

2022 Guideline for the Management of Patients With Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Greenberg SM, Ziai WC, Cordonnier C, Dowlatshahi D, Francis B, Goldstein JN, Hemphill JC 3rd, Johnson R, Keigher KM, Mack WJ, Mocco J, Newton EJ, Ruff IM, Sansing LH, Schulman S, Selim MH, Sheth KN, Sprigg N, Sunnerhagen KS, American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke. 2022;53(7):e282. Epub 2022 May 17.

Intracerebral Hemorrhage Guidelines 2022: Key New Aspects. Seemant Chaturvedi. NEJM Journal Watch. 

References

Jayam Trouth A, Dabi A, Solieman N, Kurukumbi M, Kalyanam J. Myasthenia Gravis: A Review. Autoimmune Dis. 2012;2012:874680. doi:10.1155/2012/874680

UptoDate - Overview of the treatment of myasthenia gravis

Neumann, B. , Angstwurm, K. , Mergenthaler, P. (2020). Myasthenic crisis demanding mechanical ventilation. Neurology, 94 (3), e299-e313. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008688.  Onsite access only

References

UpToDate Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: Etiology, clinical features, and diagnosis 

UptoDate Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: Management and prognosis

MKSAP

Perez DL, LaFrance WC. Nonepileptic Seizures: An Updated Review. CNS Spectr. 2016;21(3):239-246. doi:10.1017/S109285291600002X

Huff JS, Murr N. Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures. StatPearls Publishing; 2022. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441871/

Understanding Seizures. Epilepsy Foundation.  https://www.epilepsy.com/what-is-epilepsy/understanding-seizures

References

• MKSAP
• UpToDate
• Overview of Spinal Cord Disorders By Michael Rubin , MDCM, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Cornell Medical Center Merck Manual Last full review/revision May 2021| Content last modified Sep 2022
• Caton MT, Huff JS. Spinal Cord Ischemia. [Updated 2021 Aug 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539870/
• Vargas MI, Gariani J, Sztajzel R, et al. Spinal cord ischemia: practical imaging tips, pearls, and pitfalls. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015;36(5):825-830. doi:10.3174/ajnr.A4118
• Novy J, Carruzzo A, Maeder P, Bogousslavsky J. Spinal cord ischemia: clinical and imaging patterns, pathogenesis, and outcomes in 27 patients. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(8):1113-1120. doi:10.1001/archneur.63.8.1113
   

References

• Fanous I, Dillon P. Paraneoplastic neurological complications of breast cancer. Exp Hematol Oncol. 2015;5:29
• Arratibel N, Sobejano E, Moran JC, Diaz LG, Blázquez A, Baile M, Veiga Á, Caballero MD, García-Sanz R. A Case of Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration that Preceded the Diagnosis of Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma by 16 Months. Am J Case Rep. 2020 Jun 23;21:e922342
• Frackowiak M, Kowar M, Sippel C, Wilhelm K, Ko YD, Jacobs AH. [Paraneoplastic subacute degeneration of the cerebellum in non-small cell lung cancer and positive anti-Tr3 antibodies]. Nervenarzt. 2020 Feb;91(2):156-160
• Venkatraman A, Opal P. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with anti-Yo antibodies - a review. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2016 Aug;3(8):655-63.
• Peterson K, Rosenblum MK, Kotanides H, Posner JB. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. I. A clinical analysis of 55 anti-Yo antibody-positive patients. Neurology. 1992 Oct;42(10):1931-7
• Graus F, Delattre JY, Antoine JC, Dalmau J, Giometto B, Grisold W, Honnorat J, Smitt PS, Vedeler Ch, Verschuuren JJ, Vincent A, Voltz R. Recommended diagnostic criteria for paraneoplastic neurological syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004 Aug;75(8):1135-40
• Fidahussain AA, Abid A, Paracha AA, Jeevan VE, Rueve J, Engelhardt M, Schrock C, Ghani S, Nair HK. An Etiological Investigation of Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration in Ovarian Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2022 Nov 6;14(11):e31154. doi: 10.7759/cureus.31154. PMID: 36483902; PMCID: PMC9724195.
• Sutton IJ, Fursdon Davis CJ, Esiri MM, et al. Anti-Yo antibodies and cerebellar degeneration in a man with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Ann Neurol 2001; 49:253
• Widdess-Walsh P, Tavee JO, Schuele S, Stevens GH. Response to intravenous immunoglobulin in anti-Yo associated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration: case report and review of the literature. J Neurooncol 2003; 63:187.
• de la Sayette V, Bertran F, Honnorat J, et al. Paraneoplastic cerebellar syndrome and optic neuritis with anti-CV2 antibodies: clinical response to excision of the primary tumor. Arch Neurol 1998; 55:405
• Deac S, Stana MM, Havasi AD, Cainap C, Popita AR, Bordeianu AM, Cainap S, Bota M, Bochis OV. Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration associated with anti-Yo antibodies in an ovarian cancer case: A case report. Gynecol Oncol Rep. 2020 Dec 31;35:100695. doi: 10.1016/j.gore.2020.100695. PMID: 33490355; PMCID: PMC7808941.

References

• Diagnosis and Management of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Gustavo Saposnik, MD, MSc, FAHA, Chair , Fernando Barinagarrementeria, MD, FAHA, FAAN , Robert D. Brown, Jr, MD, MPH, FAHA, FAAN , Cheryl D. Bushnell, MD, MHS, FAHA , Brett Cucchiara, MD, FAHA , Mary Cushman, MD, MSc, FAHA , Gabrielle deVeber, MD , Jose M. Ferro, MD, PhD , and Fong Y. Tsai, MD
• Ferro JM, Canhão P, Stam J, Bousser MG, Barinagarrementeria F; ISCVT Investigators. Prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: results of the International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT). Stroke. 2004 Mar;35(3):664-70. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000117571.76197.26. Epub 2004 Feb 19. PMID: 14976332.
• Marie-Germaine Bousser, José M Ferro, Cerebral venous thrombosis: an update,The Lancet Neurology,Volume 6, Issue 2,2007, Pages 162-170,
• Shen HX, Huang XQ, Fan CQ, Cao YX, Zhao H, Duan JG. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in polycythemia vera patients with JAK2V617F mutation. Chin Med J (Engl). 2021 May 3;134(10):1251-1253. doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000001484. PMID: 33941751; PMCID: PMC8143763.

References

• Birmes P, Coppin D, Schmitt L, lauque D (2003) Serotonin syndrome: a brief review. JAMC 168:1439–1442
• Boyer EW, Shannon M  (2005) The Serotonin Syndrome. N Engl J Med 352:1112-1120
• Manos GH. Possible Serotonin Syndrome Associated with Buspirone Added to Fluoxetine. Ann Pharmacother, 2000;34:871–874
• Richerson G.B., Buchanan G.F.: The serotonin axis: shared mechanisms in seizures, depression, and SUDEP. Epilepsia 2011; 52: pp. 28-38
• Dosi R., Ambaliya A., Joshi H., et. al.: Serotonin syndrome versus neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a challenging clinical quandary. BMJ Case Rep 2014; 2014
• Prakash S, Rathore C, et al. European Journal of Epilepsy, 2021-10-01, Volume 91, Pages 117-131
• MKSAP 19
• UpToDate